Bladder cancer is a significant health concern that impacts many individuals globally, including a growing number of patients in India. According to the National Cancer Registry Programme (NCRP) of India, bladder cancer ranks among the top ten most common cancers in the country.

In 2020, approximately 81,400 new cases were reported, reflecting a worrying trend of increasing incidence. This form of cancer primarily affects the lining of the bladder and can spread to other parts of the urinary tract and beyond if not diagnosed and treated promptly. With advancements in medical technology and treatment options, early detection and comprehensive care can significantly improve patient outcomes.

Understanding the symptoms, causes, and available treatments is crucial for patients and their families to navigate this challenging diagnosis effectively.

Symptoms of Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer symptoms often mimic those of less severe conditions, making early diagnosis challenging. Common symptoms include:

1. Hematuria (Blood in Urine): This is the most common symptom, occurring in about 85% of bladder cancer cases. The blood may be visible (gross hematuria) or detectable only under a microscope (microscopic hematuria).

2. Frequent Urination: Increased frequency, especially at night, can be a sign of bladder irritation caused by a tumor.

3. Painful Urination: Dysuria, or pain during urination, is another symptom that can indicate bladder cancer.

4. Pelvic Pain: Persistent pain in the pelvic area or lower back can occur as the cancer progresses.

5. Unexplained Weight Loss and Fatigue: These systemic symptoms can occur in more advanced stages of the disease.

When to See The Doctor for Bladder Cancer?

Consult a doctor promptly if you notice blood in your urine, frequent urination, pain during urination, or lower back pain. These symptoms could indicate bladder cancer, especially if they persist. Early detection is crucial for better treatment outcomes. Also, seek medical advice if you have risk factors such as smoking, exposure to industrial chemicals, or a family history of bladder cancer. Regular check-ups are advised for those at higher risk.

Causes of Bladder Cancer

The exact cause of bladder cancer is not always clear, but several risk factors have been identified:

1. Smoking: Tobacco use is the most significant risk factor, contributing to about 50% of all bladder cancer cases. Carcinogens in tobacco are filtered by the kidneys and pass through the bladder, where they can damage the lining cells.

2. Chemical Exposure: Workers in industries such as dye, rubber, leather, and chemicals are at higher risk due to prolonged exposure to carcinogenic substances.

3. Chronic Bladder Inflammation: Conditions such as chronic bladder infections and long-term catheter use can increase the risk.

4. Age and Gender: Bladder cancer is more common in older adults, with a median diagnosis age of 73. Men are about four times more likely to develop bladder cancer than women.

5. Genetics: A family history of bladder cancer can also increase the risk.

Treatment Options for Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer treatment varies depending on the stage and grade of the tumor. The main treatment modalities include:

Surgery

1. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT): Commonly used for early-stage bladder cancers, TURBT involves removing tumors from the bladder wall using a resectoscope inserted through the urethra.

2. Cystectomy: This involves the removal of part (partial cystectomy) or all (radical cystectomy) of the bladder. Radical cystectomy often includes the removal of nearby lymph nodes and sometimes other organs affected by cancer.

Intravesical Therapy

1. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Therapy: BCG, a type of intravesical immunotherapy, is directly instilled into the bladder to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells. It is the most effective treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

2. Intravesical Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy drugs are delivered directly into the bladder via a catheter. Mitomycin C and Gemcitabine are commonly used agents.

3. Systemic Chemotherapy: Used for muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer, systemic chemotherapy involves administering drugs intravenously to target cancer cells throughout the body. Common regimens include MVAC (Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin) and Gemcitabine with Cisplatin.

4. Radiation Therapy: This can be an option for patients who cannot undergo surgery or for those with advanced disease. It is often combined with chemotherapy (chemoradiation).

5. Immunotherapy: Recent advancements have seen the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as Pembrolizumab and Atezolizumab. These drugs help the body's immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells.

6. Targeted Therapy: Erdafitinib, a targeted therapy, has been approved for treating advanced bladder cancer with specific genetic mutations.

Know Your Symptoms, Get Prompt Remedies

Bladder cancer remains a formidable challenge, but advancements in medical science have significantly improved the prognosis for many patients. Early detection through awareness of symptoms and risk factors, combined with innovative treatment options, offers hope for better outcomes.

At KKR Hospital, we are committed to providing state-of-the-art care for bladder cancer patients. Our team of experienced oncologists, surgeons, and support staff work tirelessly to ensure that every patient receives personalized, comprehensive treatment. If you or a loved one is facing a bladder cancer diagnosis, reach out to KKR Hospital today to explore your treatment options and take the first step towards recovery.